When we think of negotiation, we picture intense discussions that go back and forth between two parties discussing a deal over huge sums of money. One side has a price in mind and won’t budge, the other has a budget in mind and won’t budge. Either one side adapts or both parties walk away. Add in the power struggle of appearing as the “toughest person”, and you are in for a tough time making the deal work.
While these negotiations happen, they aren’t what most of us experience in our day-to-day life. Don’t get me wrong; negotiation happens every single day. I’m merely stating that not all of them are intense battles. They don’t require a huge power struggle either.
For example, have you ever made a deal with your children so they’ll go to bed on time, or had to convince an airline customer service agent to book you on another flight after a delay?
You were negotiating!
To go even further, believe it or not, negotiation is a key part of being a software engineer too.
Here’s when negotiation skills come into the picture:
persuading others on the best technical solution or architecture for a new feature
convincing a colleague of a better approach during code reviews
deciding on team standards for maintainable code with your team
working through project scope with cross-functional partners by certain deadlines
talking about your new total compensation when changing companies, roles, or during promotions
We can see through these scenarios, that developers negotiate in some way or another almost every single day. However, the interesting part is that most of us never actually learned the proper techniques or best ways to collaborate when negotiating to get better results. It wasn’t until I recognized the importance of this skill that I decided that it was learning time. So, I looked for the best books on the subject and decided on the two summarized below.
The summaries below showcase a few main ideas from each book, but I recommend checking them out on your own to learn more!
Book 1: Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In
This classic handbook on negotiations has been and continues to be the main teaching guide for negotiators all across the world.
Focus on getting a win-win solution:
One main idea is finding a win-win solution so both parties walk away feeling good about the final deal.
Many times, during a negotiation, all the parties involved have specific interests they care about the most - discovering them is key. Once interests are known, each party can compromise in areas they care least about, allowing both parties to win in the areas they care most about.
Four Principles of Negotiation:
1 - Separate People from the Problem
It’s the “us versus the problem” mentality that helps solidify deals without personal attacks, hurting relationships, or blaming others. Changing the perspective from winning against the other party to winning against the problem itself, frames the discussion in the right way.
That frame makes it easier for each side to listen and understand each other’s views, allowing better communication and deal-making to occur.
2 - Focus on Interests rather than Positions
When each party negotiates from a position, then, neither can budge easily. We don’t want to give up ground or be "wrong." Instead of discussing it that way, determine each party's interest and what they are willing to let go of.
By doing so, you can find ways to accommodate each party's interest without losing “ground.”
3 - Generate a Variety of Options before Settling on an Agreement
Brainstorm ideas separately from negotiating the final decisions. By exploring ideas in a safe space, the creative juices flow freely. It also gives people an opportunity for partial solution ideas, which can later be combined when finalizing the negotiation.
Once ideas are generated, evaluate them together with a focus on those that can be completed at a low cost to you, but will be of high value to the other parties (and vice versa).
4 - Insist that the Argument be based on Objective Criteria
By creating an objective list of criteria, ideas and agreements can be based on data instead of opinions, emotions, and positions.
When creating win-win solutions, objectivity helps us determine how we can find options to win easily!
Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
BATNA is the less advantageous outcome you would accept during a negotiation.
This key idea lets you walk away easily from negotiations that would affect your interest in a negative way.
Overall
“Getting to Yes” demonstrates that finding alternative solutions where both parties win, makes negotiation easier. I find this to be an excellent idea in many negotiations within software engineering discussions, and enjoy trying to find those alternatives when stalemates happen.
Book 2: Never Split the Difference
Chris Voss believes negotiation is the process of trying to convince others of your approach to a topic. It’s a communication type that requires a specific outcome and is built on the assumption that humans want to be accepted and understood.
He doesn’t think finding alternatives is always the best outcome of negotiation because you give up ground in areas you may truly care about. Additionally, he doesn’t think that negotiating should be done using reason and logic, since humans are not rational beings.
Let’s dive into some of the main points of the book.
Tactical Empathy
By understanding the feelings and mindset of other parties within a negotiation, and truly hearing what’s behind the feelings through active listening, you can create more influence in the conversations.
By keeping others in a positive mindset and a safe space, you can find ideas and ways that lead them towards the idea you want. Chris Voss highlights using a calm, positive, casual tone. Even in tense discussions, this tone helps reinforces and maintain a safe environment for negotiation.
Mirroring
Repeating what the other person is saying in a curious tone is a way to show that you’re actively listening, and keep the other side speaking.
He recommends repeating the last three words, or critical last word of what someone said, that way you build rapport by appearing like-minded in the conversation. How does this build rapport? When you mirror someone, they will likely continue talking, and by being an active listener, you build rapport.
Labeling
Utilise tactical empathy, mirroring, and active listening, to label how others feel. Using statements such as “it seems like…” or “it sounds like…” you can validate your understanding and their feelings. This requires noticing expressions and tones to get a read on how the other person is truly feeling.
By labeling, you show your understanding, and you also reinforce the feelings expressed in the conversation.
If they respond with “that’s right”, that means you’re hearing them.
Calibrated Questions
Use questions as a way to give “control” to the other party. By asking them recommended calibrated questions, you get their help in solving the problem together.
Questions like the following can help you gain many ideas:
What about this is important to you?
How can I help make this better for us?
How would you like me to proceed?
What is it that brought us into this situation?
How can we solve this problem?
What are we trying to accomplish here?
How am I supposed to do that?
Overall
Chris Voss’s idea of negotiation is to use discovery by listening and building rapport, validating concerns, and creating a safety net for conversations to flourish.
These conversations lead you to understand and validate the concerns of the other party while building the case for your outcome. Once the other side feels validated and understood, you can steer them towards the reasons why your solution leads to the best outcome.
It should go without saying, but of course, you can change the negotiation outcome based on what you learn, but the key is that you’re able to do so by understanding the other person's situation and interest.
Concluding Thoughts
The two books are wonderful resources that will help you become a better negotiator. By learning how negotiation works from experts, being an active listener, and attacking problems together, you will enjoy work more, and have more luck with persuading others to ideas that you feel will have the most impact.
In our day-to-day life as software engineers, we don’t have huge negotiations that can make or break a project. There are big decisions that happen every once in a while, like choosing a frontend framework for your team’s new projects or de-scoping an MVP with your product owner.
Navigating these conversations with respect and kindness grants our teams a superpower, and that superpower is teamwork! I found these two books wildly helpful in my career, and I hope that by learning some of the main ideas, I’ve sparked your interest to learn even more!
